Cisco Switch & Router

Backup / Restore / Upgarde

How to Installing an IOS

(Internetwork Operating System) on a Cisco router involves several steps. Here’s a simplified guide:

Prerequisites

  1. Router: Ensure your Cisco router is compatible with the IOS version you plan to install.
  2. IOS Image: Obtain the IOS image file (typically a .bin file).
  3. TFTP Server: Set up a TFTP server on your PC.
  4. Console Cable: Connect your PC to the router via a console cable.
  5. Terminal Emulator: Use a terminal emulator like PuTTY, Tera Term, or HyperTerminal.

Step-by-Step Installation

  1. Connect to the Router:

    • Use your terminal emulator to connect to the router’s console port.

  2. Enter ROMMON Mode (if necessary):

    • If the router does not boot, you may need to interrupt the boot sequence by pressing Ctrl + Break. This will take you to ROMMON mode.

  3. Configure TFTP Settings:

    In ROMMON mode, set the IP address of the router and the TFTP server

 

IP_ADDRESS=192.168.1.1 <Router IP Address>
IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0 <Router Subnet Mask>
DEFAULT_GATEWAY=192.168.1.254 <Router Gateway Address>
TFTP_SERVER=192.168.1.100 <TFTP Server IP Address>
TFTP_File=iosvbgfjuyng2rrgh.bin <IOS Bin File Path>
tftpdnld <Copy the IOS Image Last Commnd>

boot <Boot Commnd For IOS To Ram>

How To IOS Upgrade  Process

Upgrading Cisco IOS on a router involves a few key steps to ensure a smooth transition to a newer version. Here’s a step-by-step guide for upgrading IOS:

 

Prerequisites

  1. IOS Image: Download the desired IOS image file from Cisco’s website.
  2. TFTP Server: Set up a TFTP server on your computer.
  3. Console Connection: Connect to the router using a console cable.
  4. Backup: Back up the current configuration.
 

Step-by-Step Upgrade Process

  1. Connect to the Router:

    • Open a terminal emulator (like PuTTY or Tera Term) and connect to the router via the console port.

  2. Check Current IOS Version:

    • Use the following command to check the current IOS version:

Commnd——

show version

Backup Current Configuration:

    • It’s good practice to back up your current configuration:
    Commnd—–
    copy running-config startup-config
    copy startup-config tftp
     

    Copy the New IOS Image to the Router:

    • Use the TFTP server to transfer the new IOS image. First, configure the router’s interface with an IP address:

    Commnd—

    conf t
    interface <interface_name>
    ip address <ip_address> <subnet_mask>
    no shutdown
    exit

    • Then copy the IOS image:
     copy tftp: flash:
    • Follow the prompts to enter the TFTP server IP and the filename of the IOS image.

  • Verify the New IOS Image:

    • dir flash:

  • Set the Boot Variable:

    • Set the router to boot from the new IOS image:
      • conf t
        boot system flash flash:<your_ios_image.bin>
        exit

    • Save the Configuration:

      • Save the updated configuration Commnd : write memory

    • Reboot the Router:

      • Reload the router to apply the new IOS: reload

  • Post-Upgrade Checks

    • show version

Troubleshooting Tips

  • If the router fails to boot, access ROMMON mode and check your settings.
  • Make sure the TFTP server is reachable and the IOS image is compatible with your router model.
  • If needed, you can use conf t and boot system commands to revert to the previous IOS image if the new one doesn’t work.
 
 
How to Check Switch Or Router Firmware
show version
show flash
 
 
How To  Backup  Router Or Switch IOS Firmware
copy flash tftp
source file jfjdjfkkgfgol.bin <Check Router or Switch IOS Name Commnd – show flash gghdhdj.bin>
remote host tftp ip 192.168.1.100
 
How to Delete IOS
delete flash://jfjdjfkkgfgol.bin
show flash
 
 
How to New IOS Restore TFTP
copy tftp flash
tftp adress 192.168.1.100  <TFTP Server IP Address>
source filename  <IOS File Name ciscoiosver2.004.bin>
destination filename
show flash   <IOS Check>
copy run startup-config <Save IOS>
reloade
 
 
How to md5 Verify IOS
verify /md5 flash:fsjhfkjshgffh.bin

fsjhfkjshgffh.bin

 

Set Switch Booting New IOS
show boot
boot system switch all flash: hjssgghgsghsg.bin
write
reloade
 
How To Backup And Restore  Router Configuraion File

Notes- First Setup Router Interfaces IP Address Then working TFTP Server 

 

1. Router Configuration Backup
copy nvram: tftp:
source filename startup-config
Address remote host 192.168.1.100
Destination filename enter

 

2. Router Configuration Restore

Notes- Router IP Setup
copy tftp: nvram
Address remote host 192.168.1.100
Source filename Itindex-confg
Destination filename enter

 

How To Backup Switch Configuration

Switch Configuration Backup

copy runnig-config tftp:
Address remote host 192.168.1.100
Destination filename enter

 

Switch Configuration Restore

copy tftp: runnig config
Address remote host 192.168.1.100
Source filename Itindex-confg
Destination filename enter

RAM (Random Access Memory) and NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory), specifically Flash memory, are both types of data storage, but they differ significantly in terms of their characteristics and use cases. Here’s a breakdown of each:

1. RAM (Random Access Memory)

Characteristics:

  • Volatile: RAM is volatile, meaning it loses all stored data when the power is turned off or lost.
  • Fast: RAM is much faster than most types of non-volatile memory, including Flash memory. It allows for quick read and write operations.
  • Temporary Storage: It stores data that is actively being used or processed by the CPU, such as operating system data, applications, and running processes.
  • Low Capacity: RAM typically has lower storage capacity compared to non-volatile storage like hard drives or SSDs, as it’s designed to hold temporary, working data.

Types:

  • DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Needs constant refreshing to retain data.
  • SRAM (Static RAM): Faster than DRAM, but requires more transistors per bit and is more expensive.

Common Uses:

  • Running programs
  • Operating system tasks
  • Cache memory in CPUs
  • Buffers for video, audio, and other data in real time

2. NVRAM (Non-Volatile RAM) – Flash Memory

Characteristics:

  • Non-Volatile: NVRAM retains data even when the power is turned off, unlike RAM. This makes it suitable for long-term storage.
  • Slower than RAM: While NVRAM is faster than traditional storage mediums like HDDs or SSDs, it is typically slower than RAM. However, it has much higher durability and retention.
  • Persistent Storage: It’s used to store data that should survive a power loss. This is why it’s often used in firmware or system settings storage.

Types:

  • Flash Memory: The most common form of NVRAM, used in SSDs, USB drives, and memory cards. It’s electrically erasable and programmable, meaning it can be written and erased multiple times.
  • EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): Another form of NVRAM that can be erased and reprogrammed in blocks, but with slower write speeds compared to Flash.

Common Uses:

  • Storage for firmware: Devices like computers, smartphones, and routers use Flash memory to store firmware and system settings.
  • Flash Storage Devices: SSDs, USB drives, and SD cards use Flash memory to provide persistent, portable storage.
  • Caching: In some systems, Flash memory can be used to cache data to improve performance, though not as fast as DRAM.
  • BIOS/UEFI: Used in systems to store boot-up information and system configuration.

Key Differences

FeatureRAM (Random Access Memory)NVRAM (Non-Volatile RAM/Flash Memory)
VolatilityVolatile (loses data without power)Non-Volatile (retains data without power)
SpeedVery fastSlower than RAM, faster than traditional storage
CapacityLimited, typically in GBsLarger storage capacities (up to TBs for SSDs)
UsageTemporary, working data (active processes)Persistent storage, system settings, and firmware
CostTypically more expensive per GBLess expensive for larger capacities
Example DevicesComputers, smartphones, game consolesSSDs, USB drives, SD cards, BIOS chips

Conclusion:

  • RAM is crucial for system performance, handling active data and applications in real time. Its high speed is essential for running processes efficiently.
  • NVRAM, particularly Flash memory, is used for non-volatile storage, retaining data even when power is lost. While slower than RAM, Flash provides a reliable, long-term storage solution in devices like SSDs, USB drives, and in system firmware storage.

In summary, RAM is used for fast, temporary data storage during operations, whereas NVRAM (Flash) is used for long-term storage that doesn’t require power to retain data.